A jigsaw activity is a cooperative learning technique where students work in groups to teach each other
something. The groups are given an overall assignment, and each student in each
group becomes an 'expert' on a smaller part of it. When each student has taught
what he knows to another group member, they have together learned the overall
assignment and completed the jigsaw, similar to a puzzle.
Developed by
psychologist Elliot Aronson in the 1970s, studies have shown that the jigsaw method
'...reduces racial conflict among school children, promotes better learning,
improves student motivation, and increases enjoyment of the learning
experience'.
The jigsaw method can
be applied to nearly any topic, provided that students have
received enough instruction and have access to the materials they need for
developing their 'expert' role in the group. The general steps are as follows:
- Divide students into groups of
five or six.
- Assign one student the role of
group leader.
- Divide the assignment up into
sections that equal the number of students in each group.
- Give each student in each group
one segment of this topic to learn.
- Students take the required time
to learn their part of the topic, and form a second set of groups based on
the topic.
A Simple Jigsaw Step-By-Step
As I mentioned above, the jigsaw strategy is a unique cooperative learning approach. With this approach, students work together as a team toward learning the target material--particularly when that material contains several chunks of related information.
Although many students will arrive in your classroom with some jigsawing experience, there's always going to be several who will have no idea how to proceed.
For that reason, I would strongly suggest doing a simple one-class-period jigsaw activity before proceeding to more challenging and involved assignments.
Step 1: Start by determining your target material. What is it that you want your kids to learn?
Obviously that could be anything that you want to choose, but for this example, I will choose as the target material the question, "What does it take to become a successful student?"
The answer to that question will become the completed jigsaw at the conclusion of the activity.
Step 2: Determine how many pieces there will be in that puzzle. I'm using the term "pieces" to indicate separate chunks of information regarding the target material (the completed puzzle).
For this example, those pieces might include the following:
As I mentioned above, the jigsaw strategy is a unique cooperative learning approach. With this approach, students work together as a team toward learning the target material--particularly when that material contains several chunks of related information.
Although many students will arrive in your classroom with some jigsawing experience, there's always going to be several who will have no idea how to proceed.
For that reason, I would strongly suggest doing a simple one-class-period jigsaw activity before proceeding to more challenging and involved assignments.
Step 1: Start by determining your target material. What is it that you want your kids to learn?
Obviously that could be anything that you want to choose, but for this example, I will choose as the target material the question, "What does it take to become a successful student?"
The answer to that question will become the completed jigsaw at the conclusion of the activity.
Step 2: Determine how many pieces there will be in that puzzle. I'm using the term "pieces" to indicate separate chunks of information regarding the target material (the completed puzzle).
For this example, those pieces might include the following:
•
Supplies and organization
•
Preparing to enter the classroom
•
Positive classroom behavior
•
Study and homework techniques
•
Other factors affecting school success
Step 3: Once you have determined the specific pieces, it's time to divide your class into groups (jigsaws) of four or five depending on the number of students in the class and the number of "pieces" for the puzzle.
Have your kids sit together in their groups and explain to them that this is their home group or jigsaw group.
Tell them that they are all about to become experts on one aspect of the question, and in order to do, that they will have to temporarily leave their new group and join an expert group.
Note: I've found that this it's helpful to have numbered signs in each group area so that kids know what group they started in, what group they're going to, and what group they return to at the conclusion of the activity.
Remind them to note the numbered group area in which they are currently sitting before temporarily dividing them into expert groups.
Step 4: To form the expert groups, you can pick the simple and straightforward method of having your kids count off one thru five until everyone has a number and then group all the ones in an expert group (or piece group), all of the twos in another expert group, and so forth.
Obviously, you may use your own favorite grouping strategy.
Step 5: After the kids have relocated to the expert groups, visit each expert group with a note card containing the numbered pieces of the puzzle.
Explain to the class that each
expert group is to brainstorm ideas related to their particular topic, but NOT
ideas related to any of the other topics listed.
So, expert group number one does Supplies and Organization, expert group number two does Preparing to Enter the Classroom, and so on.
Remind them that they will need to take notes on what they are discussing so that when they return to their original jigsaw group, they can "teach" the other members of their jigsaw group what they learned.
Step 6: After an appropriate time is allowed for brainstorming, ask students to reassemble in their original jigsaw groups. Each group leader, then calls on each expert to share ideas from his or her notes.
Step 7: Once all experts have shared their ideas, the jigsaw puzzle is now completely assembled and they will be able to see the overall picture of what it takes to become a successful student--the target material.
Step 8: Now it's time for the evaluation. For this simple introductory example activity, you may want to go with a very informal assessment. For instance you may ask each jigsaw group to summarize in one sentence what it takes to become a successful student.
Those summaries then could be displayed for the entire class to compare, contrast, and synthesize.
Of course, with more complex and demanding jigsaws, other methods of evaluation would probably be more effective.
So, expert group number one does Supplies and Organization, expert group number two does Preparing to Enter the Classroom, and so on.
Remind them that they will need to take notes on what they are discussing so that when they return to their original jigsaw group, they can "teach" the other members of their jigsaw group what they learned.
Step 6: After an appropriate time is allowed for brainstorming, ask students to reassemble in their original jigsaw groups. Each group leader, then calls on each expert to share ideas from his or her notes.
Step 7: Once all experts have shared their ideas, the jigsaw puzzle is now completely assembled and they will be able to see the overall picture of what it takes to become a successful student--the target material.
Step 8: Now it's time for the evaluation. For this simple introductory example activity, you may want to go with a very informal assessment. For instance you may ask each jigsaw group to summarize in one sentence what it takes to become a successful student.
Those summaries then could be displayed for the entire class to compare, contrast, and synthesize.
Of course, with more complex and demanding jigsaws, other methods of evaluation would probably be more effective.
A Language Arts Grammar Jigsaw
This example of a language arts grammar jigsaw will probably require a longer period of
This example of a language arts grammar jigsaw will probably require a longer period of
time than the example activity
outlined above.
I would think that you would need at least two class periods or perhaps three (unless you're on a block schedule).
As you know, grammar seems to be a difficult area for many students. The eight parts of speech seem to be learned at various grade levels but then quickly forgotten by students.
This jigsaw activity may increase retention time.
This takes very little preparation. All that you would need are resource books with examples of the parts of speech. And, if you're a language arts teacher, you probably have these readily available in your classroom.
Step 1: Form teams and assign a leader. Each group should be four students. There are eight parts of speech and each student will become an expert on two of the parts of speech.
Step 2: The leader should help the group members each choose 2 parts of speech. You will probably need to group the parts of speech into two sections. Although you may determine what goes in each section, I prefer to use the following:
•
noun, pronoun, adjective, verb
•
adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection
Then tell your kids that they are to find out the following about each part of speech:
•
Definition
•
10 examples words
•
Rules about using the part of speech
•
Unique qualities about the part of speech
•
Use two examples of a part of speech in a sentence and underline
the part of speech.
Step 3: Once the students have found out the information about the two parts of speech,
adverb).
Then, you can have four of the eight part of speech experts meet together and then switch to (pronoun, preposition, conjunction, interjection).
The experts need to talk to each other and make sure that they have their information correct.
Step 4: Students go back to their original group after the two expert group sessions. Each expert then shares what he or she learned. I strongly urge you to have group members take notes.
Step 5: After each group member or expert has presented, ask students to study their notes for a quiz over the information on the following day.
The jigsaw lesson strategy can be used in the language arts classroom any time there is a great deal of information to be learned.
For example, Renaissance poetry can easily be organized into a Jigsaw lesson. It just takes a little planning, but students will learn how to work together to learn a great deal of information quickly.
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